Music, Instrumental

Among instruments of music used by the Hebrews a principal place is given to stringed instruments. These were,

The kinnor, the “harp.”

The nebel, “a skin bottle,” rendered “psaltery.”

The sabbeka, or “sackbut,” a lute or lyre.

The gittith, occurring in the title of Ps 8; 8; 84.

Minnim (Ps 150:4), rendered “stringed instruments;” in Ps 45:8, in the form minni, probably the apocopated (i.e., shortened) plural, rendered, Authorized Version, “whereby,” and in the Revised Version “stringed instruments.”

Machalath, in the titles of Ps 53 and 88; supposed to be a kind of lute or guitar.

Of wind instruments mention is made of,

The ‘ugab (Gen 4:21; Job 21:12; 30:31), probably the so-called Pan’s pipes or syrinx.

The qeren or “horn” (Josh 6:5; 1 Chr 25:5).

The shophar, rendered “trumpet” (Josh 6:4, 6, 8). The word means “bright,” and may have been so called from the clear, shrill sound it emitted. It was often used (Exod 19:13; Num 10:10; Judg 7:16, 18; 1 Sam 13:3).

The hatsotserah, or straight trumpet (Ps 98:6; Num 10:1-10). This name is supposed by some to be an onomatopoetic word, intended to imitate the pulse-like sound of the trumpet, like the Latin taratantara. Some have identified it with the modern trombone.

The halil, i.e, “bored through,” a flute or pipe (1 Sam 10:5; 1 Kgs 1:40; Isa 5:12; Jer 48:36) which is still used in Palestine.

The sumponyah, rendered “dulcimer” (Dan 3:5), probably a sort of bagpipe.

The maskrokith’a (Dan 3:5), rendered “flute,” but its precise nature is unknown.

Of instruments of percussion mention is made of,

The toph, an instrument of the drum kind, rendered “timbrel” (Exod 15:20; Job 21:12; Ps 68:25); also “tabret” (Gen 31:27; Isa 24:8; 1 Sam 10:5).

The paamon, the “bells” on the robe of the high priest (Exod 28:33; 39:25).

The tseltselim, “cymbals” (2 Sam 6:5; Ps 150:5), which are struck together and produce a loud, clanging sound. Metsilloth, “bells” on horses and camels for ornament, and metsiltayim, “cymbals” (1 Chr 13:8; Ezra 3:10, etc.). These words are all derived from the same root, tsalal, meaning “to tinkle.”

The menaan’im, used only in 2 Sam 6:5, rendered “cornets” (R.V., “castanets”); in the Vulgate, “sistra,” an instrument of agitation.

The shalishim, mentioned only in 1 Sam 18:6, rendered “instruments of music” (marg. of R.V., “triangles or three-stringed instruments”).

The words in Eccl 2:8, “musical instruments, and that of all sorts,” Authorized Version, are in the Revised Version “concubines very many.”